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Português → English

Want, can, must and the imperative: querer, poder, ter de, entra!

A1 Catalogue 131 cards

Querer, poder, saber, conseguir and ter de followed by an infinitive (quero jantar, sei nadar, tenho de trabalhar), queria and podia for a polite request, saber or conhecer, then the common imperatives for a friend and for “você” (entra / entre, diz / diga, senta-te / sente-se).

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1. Wanting: quero, queres, queria

Querer is followed by a noun (quero um sumo) or directly by an infinitive, with no word for “to” (queremos visitar Évora). In the present: eu quero, tu queres, ele / ela / você quer, nós queremos, eles / elas / vocês querem.

A Sofia quer um gato. — Sofia wants a cat.

In a café or a shop, a request is made with the set form queria, “I'd like”: Queria uma água, por favor. Quero sounds abrupt, like “I want”.

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Show the answer querer · presente · eu queroShow the answer
Show the answer querer · presente · ele/ela/você querShow the answer
2. Being able and asking: posso, podes, podia

Poder expresses possibility or permission and is followed directly by the infinitive. In the present: eu posso, tu podes, ele / ela / você pode, nós podemos, eles / elas / vocês podem.

Posso entrar? — May I come in?

The set form podia, “could you”, makes a request polite: Podia abrir a porta?

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Show the answer poder · presente · eu possoShow the answer
Show the answer poder · presente · tu podesShow the answer
3. Knowing how: sei nadar, sei or posso

A skill that has been learnt is expressed with saber + infinitive: sei nadar, “I can swim”. In the present: eu sei, tu sabes, ele / ela / você sabe, nós sabemos, eles / elas / vocês sabem. Poder (posso, podes, pode) is used for what circumstances or permission allow: sabe nadar, mas hoje não pode.

A Inês sabe cantar. — Inês can sing.

The English speaker's trap: can for a skill is not poder. Posso nadar means “I'm allowed to swim”; “I can swim” is sei nadar.

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Show the answer saber · presente · tu sabesShow the answer
Show the answer O Tiago tem seis anos e já ___ (saber) ler. sabeShow the answer
4. Having to: tenho de, devo

Obligation is expressed with ter de + infinitive: tenho de trabalhar, “I have to work”. Ter takes its present forms: tenho de, tens de, tem de, temos de, têm de; the plural têm has a circumflex. Ter que is also heard, but ter de is the form recommended in Portugal.

Dever + infinitive gives advice, like “should”: eu devo, tu deves, ele / ela / você deve, nós devemos, eles / elas / vocês devem.

Deves dormir mais. — You should sleep more.

The English speaker's trap: ter is followed by de before the infinitive, where English has “to”.

Read in the guide

Show the answer dever · presente · eu devoShow the answer
Show the answer A Inês ___ (ter) de estudar hoje. temShow the answer
5. Telling a friend: entra, espera, come

The imperative for a friend (tu) is the same as the ele / ela form of the present, that is the tu form without its final -s: tu entras → entra, tu esperas → espera, tu comes → come, tu abres → abre. In the same way: fala, compra, fecha, bebe, escreve.

Abre a porta, Carla. — Open the door, Carla.

The trap: the present with -s (entras, abres) is not an instruction.

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Show the answer entrar · imperativo · tu entraShow the answer
Show the answer abrir · imperativo · tu abreShow the answer
6. Telling someone politely: espere, coma, abra

With você, o senhor or a senhora, the imperative changes its vowel: -ar verbs take -e (entrar → entre, esperar → espere), -er and -ir verbs take -a (comer → coma, beber → beba, escrever → escreva, abrir → abra). Before -e, the c of ficar is written qu: fique.

Entre, senhor Lopes. — Come in, Mr Lopes.

The trap: English has one imperative for everyone, but entra or abre to a stranger sounds too familiar.

Read in the guide

Show the answer entrar · imperativo · você entreShow the answer
Show the answer comer · imperativo · você comaShow the answer
7. Say, do, see: diz / diga, faz / faça, vê / veja

A few common verbs have short tu forms: diz (dizer), faz (fazer), vê (ver), the ele forms of the present. Their você forms are built on the eu form of the present: digo → diga, faço → faça, vejo → veja.

Diz olá à Marta. — Say hello to Marta.

The trap: diz or faz to a stranger is too familiar; the polite forms are diga and faça.

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Show the answer dizer · imperativo · tu dizShow the answer
Show the answer fazer · imperativo · você façaShow the answer
8. Sitting down and saying sorry: senta-te, desculpe

To ask someone to sit down: senta-te to a friend, sente-se to você or o senhor. To say sorry or to catch someone's attention: desculpa to a friend, desculpe to a stranger.

Desculpe, onde é a casa de banho? — Excuse me, where is the toilet?

The trap: senta-se is the present (“he sits down”, “you sit down”); the instruction to o senhor is sente-se, with -e.

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Show the answer sentar-se · imperativo · tu senta-teShow the answer
Show the answer sentar-se · imperativo · você sente-seShow the answer
9. Knowing a fact or a person: saber or conhecer

English know has two equivalents. Saber is used for a fact or a piece of information, before onde, quem or quando, and before an infinitive: sei, sabes, sabe, sabemos. Conhecer is used for a person or a place one has met or visited: conheço, conheces, conhece, conhecem, with no preposition before a person: conheço a Ana.

Sabes quando é o jogo? — Do you know when the match is?

The English speaker's trap: “Do you know Miguel's father?” is Conheces o pai do Miguel?, not Sabes.

Read in the guide

Show the answer conhecer · presente · eu conheçoShow the answer
Show the answer A Beatriz não ___ o Porto. conheceShow the answer
10. Listen, read, look: ouve / ouça, lê / leia, olha / olhe

Ouvir, ler and olhar follow the same pattern. The tu form is the ele form of the present: ouve, lê, olha. The você form is built on the eu form of the present: ouço → ouça, leio → leia, and for -ar verbs the vowel changes: olhe. Olhar is followed by para before what is looked at.

Leia o texto, por favor. — Please read the text.

The trap: lês or ouves with -s is the present, not an instruction.

Read in the guide

Show the answer ouvir · imperativo · você ouçaShow the answer
Show the answer ler · imperativo · tu lêShow the answer
11. Managing to: consigo, consegues, consegue

Conseguir + infinitive expresses managing to do something, often with an effort or with the senses: não consigo abrir a janela, consegues ouvir? In the present: eu consigo, tu consegues, ele / ela / você consegue; in the eu form the e of the stem becomes i.

Não consigo ver nada. — I can't see anything.

The English speaker's trap: “I can't hear” is não consigo ouvir; não posso ouvir means one is not allowed to.

Read in the guide

Show the answer conseguir · presente · eu consigoShow the answer
Show the answer conseguir · presente · ele/ela/você consegueShow the answer
12. Want, can, must and the imperative: mixed practice

The mixed practice brings together wanting, being able, knowing how, having to, managing to, saber or conhecer, and the imperatives for a friend and for você: quer, posso, sabe, conhece, têm, consigo, abre, espere, senta-te.

Read in the guide

Show the answer A Beatriz ___ (querer) visitar Braga no verão. querShow the answer
Show the answer Senhor Lopes, ___ (esperar) um minuto, por favor. espereShow the answer

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