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French grammar A1: beginner

Prepositions of place and time

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Contents · A1
  1. The verb in the present tense
  2. Presenting and identifying
  3. Being able, wanting, having to; requests and orders
  4. The past and the near future
  5. Nouns and articles
  6. Quantity: the partitive and de
  7. Adjectives
  8. Pronouns and possessives
  9. Questions and negation
  10. Prepositions of place and time
    1. Prepositions of place
    2. Prepositions of time
  11. Adverbs of place and time
  12. Linking words

Prepositions of place#

Use

Position is expressed by a preposition before the noun: dans (“in, inside”), sur (“on”), sous (“under”), devant (“in front of”), derrière (“behind”), avec (“with”) and chez (“at the home or shop of”), which is followed by a person: chez Marie, chez le médecin.

Towns and countries. A town is preceded by à, with no article: à Lyon, à Londres. A country is preceded by en when it is feminine (most countries ending in -e: en France, en Italie), by au when it is masculine (au Japon, au Canada) and by aux when it is plural (aux États-Unis). A masculine country beginning with a vowel is also preceded by en: en Iran. The same forms express where someone is and where someone goes.

À and de with the article. À and de contract with le and les:

+ le+ la+ l’+ les
àauà laà l’aux
dedude lade l’des

Venir de expresses where someone comes from: de Lyon, de France (feminine country, no article), du Japon, des États-Unis. A sport is played with jouer à (jouer au tennis), an instrument with jouer de (jouer de la guitare).

Means of transport. A vehicle one gets into is preceded by en: en train, en voiture, en bus, en avion. What one rides, and going on foot, are expressed with à: à vélo, à cheval, à pied. (En vélo is also common in speech.)

  • Le chat dort sous la table.The cat is sleeping under the table.
  • Ce soir, je dîne chez Lucas.This evening I am having dinner at Lucas’s.
  • Ma sœur habite à Madrid, en Espagne.My sister lives in Madrid, in Spain.
  • Nous allons au zoo avec les enfants.We are going to the zoo with the children.
  • Tom vient des États-Unis.Tom comes from the United States.
  • Elle joue du piano et au football.She plays the piano and football.
  • Je vais à l’école à pied.I walk to school.

Difference from English

English in is translated in several ways: dans la cuisine (inside a room), à Rome (a town), en Allemagne (a feminine country). English by before a means of transport is en or à, not par. “At Marie’s” is chez Marie.

Common mistakes

  • Je vais à le cinéma. → Je vais au cinéma.À + le contracts to au.
  • J’habite en Paris. → J’habite à Paris.A town is preceded by à.
  • Il joue le tennis. → Il joue au tennis.A sport is played with jouer à.

Prepositions of time#

Use

À is used with a clock time: à huit heures, à midi. En is used with a month, a year and three seasons: en mars, en 2015, en été, en automne, en hiver; spring is the exception, au printemps. A date is preceded by le: le 14 juillet. A weekday with le expresses a habit: le samedi (“on Saturdays”), while samedi alone is one particular Saturday.

  • Le magasin ferme à sept heures du soir.The shop closes at seven in the evening.
  • Mon anniversaire est en avril.My birthday is in April.
  • Au printemps, il y a des fleurs dans le parc.In spring there are flowers in the park.
  • Nous partons en vacances le 2 août.We are going on holiday on 2 August.

Common mistakes

  • dans juin → en juinA month is preceded by en; dans + a length of time means “in … from now”.
  • sur lundi → lundi / le lundiA day is used without a preposition.

In short

MeaningPrepositionExample
townàà Rome
countryen (f.), au (m.), aux (pl.)en Chine, au Japon
at someone’schezchez moi
vehicleenen bus
on foot, ridingàà pied, à vélo
clock timeàà six heures
month, year, seasonen (au printemps)en mai

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