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German grammar A2: elementary

Reflexive verbs

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Contents · A2
  1. The present: more verbs that change their vowel
  2. The past
  3. Reflexive verbs
    1. Doing things to yourself or each other: reflexive verbs, verb + mich, dich, sich
  4. Polite requests: the Konjunktiv II
  5. Articles and other words before the noun
  6. The dative completed
  7. Pronouns
  8. Prepositions
  9. Adjectives
  10. Linking sentences

In this part, you will learn to say what you do to yourself, such as getting washed or dressed. You will also learn to talk about what people do to each other.

  1. Doing things to yourself or each other: reflexive verbs, verb + mich, dich, sich

Doing things to yourself or each other: reflexive verbs, verb + mich, dich, sich#

A reflexive verb takes a reflexive pronoun in the person of the subject: ich beeile mich, er beeilt sich.

  • Ich ziehe mich schnell an.I'll get dressed quickly.
  • Fühlst du dich nicht gut?Aren't you feeling well?
  • Mein Opa setzt sich aufs Sofa.My grandad sits down on the sofa.
  • Ihr müsst euch nicht beeilen.You don't have to hurry.
  • Wir haben uns auf der Party sehr amüsiert.We had a great time at the party.

Formation

  • In the dictionary, a reflexive verb is given with sich before the infinitive: sich freuen, sich setzen.
  • The reflexive pronoun is in the same person as the subject: Ich beeile mich. (“I'm hurrying.”)
  • With ich, du, wir and ihr, the reflexive pronoun is the accusative personal pronoun: mich, dich, uns, euch.
  • With er, sie, es, a noun, the plural sie and the polite Sie, the reflexive pronoun is sich. It is always written with a small letter: Sie beeilen sich. (“You're hurrying.”)
Präsens
sich freuen
ichfreue mich
dufreust dich
er/sie/esfreut sich
wirfreuen uns
ihrfreut euch
sie/Siefreuen sich
SubjectPronounExample
ichmichich beeile mich
dudichdu beeilst dich
er, sie, essichsie beeilt sich
wirunswir beeilen uns
ihreuchihr beeilt euch
sie, SiesichSie beeilen sich

Use

  • The reflexive verbs of this level take the reflexive pronoun in the accusative.
  • With the meaning they have here, some verbs are always reflexive. These include sich beeilen (“to hurry”), sich freuen (“to be pleased”) and sich langweilen (“to be bored”).
  • Other verbs are used with another object or with the reflexive pronoun. With the reflexive pronoun, the action falls on the subject.
with another objectwith the reflexive pronoun
waschenIch wasche das Auto. (“I wash the car.”)Ich wasche mich. (“I get washed.”)
setzenIch setze das Kind auf den Stuhl. (“I put the child on the chair.”)Ich setze mich. (“I sit down.”)

Place of the pronoun

  • The reflexive pronoun is placed straight after the conjugated verb: Ich freue mich. (“I'm pleased.”)
  • When the subject pronoun follows the verb, the reflexive pronoun comes after it: Heute freue ich mich. (“I'm pleased today.”) The same order is used in a question: Freust du dich? (“Are you pleased?”)
  • A noun subject after the verb usually comes after the reflexive pronoun: Freut sich dein Bruder? (“Is your brother pleased?”)
  • With a modal verb, the reflexive pronoun follows the modal verb. The infinitive is placed at the end: Wir müssen uns beeilen. (“We have to hurry.”) With a separable verb, the prefix is placed at the end: Er zieht sich an. (“He's getting dressed.”)

Perfekt with haben

  • In the Perfekt (past simple), reflexive verbs take haben: Ich habe mich gefreut. (“I was pleased.”)
  • In the Perfekt, the reflexive pronoun follows the auxiliary. When the subject pronoun comes after the auxiliary, the reflexive pronoun follows it: Habt ihr euch gelangweilt? (“Were you bored?”)
  • In the Perfekt, the participle is placed at the end: Wir haben uns amüsiert. (“We had a good time.”)

Difference from English

  • Many German reflexive verbs have no myself or yourself in English: sich anziehen (“to get dressed”), Ich langweile mich. (“I'm bored.”)
  • “To be pleased” is translated by a reflexive verb, sich freuen: Ich freue mich. (“I'm pleased.”)

Common mistakes

  • Ich beeile sich. → Ich beeile mich.The pronoun is in the person of the subject: mich after ich.
  • Er fühlt gut. → Er fühlt sich gut.Sich fühlen (“to feel”) is used with its pronoun: Er fühlt sich krank. (“He feels ill.”)
  • Sie zieht an sich. → Sie zieht sich an.The pronoun follows the verb; the prefix is placed at the end.
  • Ich war gefreut. → Ich habe mich gefreut.Sich freuen is a reflexive verb, and its Perfekt takes haben.

Each other: uns, euch, sich

You already know from level A1 that uns, euch and sich can mean “each other”.

Use

  • With a plural subject, uns, euch and sich also mean “each other”: Wir kennen uns. (“We know each other.”)
  • With a plural subject, a sentence can have both meanings: Sie waschen sich. (“They wash each other.” or “They wash themselves.”)
  • You can add gegenseitig after the pronoun to stress “each other”: Wir helfen uns gegenseitig. (“We help each other.”)
  • Wir sehen uns jeden Tag in der Schule.We see each other every day at school.
  • Kennt ihr euch schon lange?Have you known each other long?
  • Die Nachbarn mögen sich nicht.The neighbours don't like each other.
  • Meine Eltern helfen sich gegenseitig.My parents help each other.

Common mistake

  • Ihr kennt sich. → Ihr kennt euch.After ihr, the pronoun is euch.

→ See also: Each other: uns, euch, sich (A1)

The imperative of reflexive verbs; sein, haben and werden

Formation

  • The imperative of a reflexive verb is formed like that of any other verb.
  • In the imperative, the reflexive pronoun is placed straight after the verb: Setz dich! (“Sit down!”)
  • In the imperative, the reflexive pronoun is dich in the du form and euch in the ihr form: Beeilt euch! (“Hurry up!”) After Sie, it is sich.
  • In the imperative, the prefix of a separable verb is placed at the end: Zieh dich an! (“Get dressed!”)
Imperativ
sich setzensich anziehen
dusetze dichziehe dich an
ihrsetzt euchzieht euch an
sie/Siesetzen Sie sichziehen Sie sich an

Forms of the imperative

  • The du imperative is the stem, sometimes with -e, as at level A1: beeil dich or beeile dich.
  • Sein, haben and werden have an irregular imperative, given in the table.
  • In the du imperative of werden, the i of du wirst is not kept: werde!
VerbduihrSie
seinsei!seid!seien Sie! (“be!”)
habenhab! (or habe!)habt!haben Sie! (“have!”)
werdenwerde!werdet!werden Sie! (“become!”)
Imperativ
haben
duhabe
ihrhabt
sie/Siehaben Sie
  • Setz dich doch zu uns!Come and sit with us!
  • Kinder, beeilt euch, der Bus kommt!Hurry up, children, the bus is coming!
  • Zieh dich warm an!Wrap up warm!
  • Fühlen Sie sich wie zu Hause!Make yourself at home!
  • Hab keine Angst!Don't be afraid!
  • Werde bald gesund!Get well soon!

Difference from English

  • An English order has no reflexive pronoun, but a German reflexive imperative has one: Beeil dich! (“Hurry up!”)
  • English “Sit down!” is the same for everyone, but the German imperative has a form for each person addressed.
  • With several friends, Setzt euch! (“Sit down!”) is used; politely, Setzen Sie sich! (“Sit down!”).

Common mistakes

  • Setz sich! → Setz dich!With the du imperative, the pronoun is dich.
  • Beeilen euch! → Beeilt euch!The ihr imperative is the ihr form of the present (present simple): beeilt.
  • Zieh an dich! → Zieh dich an!The pronoun follows the verb; the prefix is placed at the end.

→ See also: The imperative: forms and use (A1)

In short

PointFormExample
presentverb + mich, dich, sich, uns, euch, sichIch freue mich.
question, inversionverb + subject + pronounFreust du dich?
modal verbpronoun after the modal; infinitive at the endDu musst dich beeilen.
Perfekthaben + pronoun + participleIch habe mich gefreut.
each otheruns, euch, sich (+ gegenseitig)Wir kennen uns.
imperativedich, euch, sich after the verbSetz dich! Setzt euch! Setzen Sie sich!

Remember

  • Put the reflexive pronoun in the person of the subject: Wir beeilen uns. (“We're hurrying.”)
  • Place the reflexive pronoun after the conjugated verb: Ich freue mich. (“I'm pleased.”)
  • In the Perfekt, use haben: Ich habe mich gefreut. (“I was pleased.”)
  • In the imperative, put the pronoun after the verb: Setz dich! (“Sit down!”)

You now know how to use a reflexive verb in the present, the Perfekt and the imperative. You also know how to say “each other”.

Going further
  • Einander has the same meaning as sich gegenseitig, in a more formal style.
  • In the du imperative, the change from e to i or ie is kept: gib, nimm, lies. Werden is the exception.
  • In the du imperative, the change from a to ä is not kept: fahr.
  • In the du imperative, the change from au to äu is not kept: lauf.