Contents · B2
- The present: new verbs
- The compound tenses
- Telling a story: the past tenses and the passé simple
- The conditionnel passé and conditions about the past
- The subjunctive extended
- Participles and the agreement of the past participle
- The passive and other ways to leave out the doer
- Reported speech in the past
- Pronouns, relatives and emphasis
- Questions, indefinites and negation
- Linking words: cause, result, purpose, opposition, concession
- Comparison and manner
- Verbs whose preposition changes the meaning
- Register: familiar, standard and formal French
- The verb forms of B2 side by side
Tap a sentence to see its translation.
In this part, you will learn to place two pronouns after a command and relative pronouns after a preposition. You will also learn to emphasise a word and to tell two kinds of relative clause apart.
Two pronouns, relative pronouns and emphasis: donne-le-moi, duquel, c’est à… que, commas#
In an affirmative command, pronouns come after the verb; lequel is used after a preposition, c’est… que for emphasis, and commas for a comment.
- Ce livre ? Prête-le-moi quand tu l’auras fini.That book? Lend it to me when you’ve finished it.
- Il reste du gâteau ? Donne-m’en un morceau.Is there any cake left? Give me a piece.
- Les résultats ? Ne les leur montre pas encore.The results? Don’t show them to them yet.
- C’est un projet grâce auquel j’ai rencontré beaucoup de monde.It’s a project thanks to which I met a lot of people.
- La place au milieu de laquelle se trouve la fontaine est très ancienne.The square in the middle of which the fountain stands is very old.
- C’est à ma grand-mère que je pense en ce moment.It’s my grandmother I’m thinking of at the moment.
- Ce dont il a peur, c’est de rester seul.What he is afraid of is being alone.
Two pronouns after a command
- In an affirmative command, the pronouns come after the verb, joined by hyphens, and the direct object comes first: Rends-les-nous.
- After the verb, me and te become moi and toi, but m’ and t’ before en: Donne-m’en, Va-t’en.
- En comes last: Parle-lui-en, Offre-leur-en.
Two pronouns in a negative command
- In a negative command, the pronouns come back before the verb: Ne la leur montre pas. (“Don’t show it to them.”)
- Before the verb, me, te, nous, vous come before le, la, les: Ne me le prête pas. (“Don’t lend it to me.”)
- Before the verb, le, la, les come before lui, leur, and en comes last.
| Order | Pronouns | Example |
|---|---|---|
| affirmative | verb + direct + indirect; moi, toi | Prête-le-moi. Dis-la-leur. |
| affirmative, with en | verb + indirect + en; m’, t’ | Donne-m’en. Parle-lui-en. |
| negative | ne + the B1 order + verb + pas | Ne me le prête pas. |
→ See also: Using two object pronouns together: the order me, le, lui, y, en (B1)
Relatives after a preposition
- After a preposition, a thing is referred to by lequel, laquelle, lesquels or lesquelles, agreeing with the noun.
| after à and a phrase ending in à: grâce à, face à, par rapport à | after a phrase ending in de: à côté de, près de, au cours de, au milieu de, autour de | |
|---|---|---|
| form | auquel, à laquelle, auxquels, auxquelles | duquel, de laquelle, desquels, desquelles |
| example | un projet grâce auquel | l’arbre à côté duquel, la place au milieu de laquelle |
- Dont is used after a verb with de (le film dont je parle), never after a phrase ending in de.
- For a person, qui is usual after a preposition: l’ami grâce à qui.
- After parmi and entre, lesquels and lesquelles are used for people too: mes collègues, parmi lesquels deux Anglais.
→ See also: After a preposition: the relative pronouns lequel, auquel, duquel (B1)
Emphasis with a preposition
- To emphasise a word with its preposition, c’est… que is used: c’est + preposition + the word + que.
- The preposition is never placed at the end: C’est à Paul que j’ai écrit. (“It’s Paul I wrote to.”)
- For a person, a stressed pronoun is used after the preposition: C’est avec elle que je travaille. (“She’s the one I work with.”)
- De is placed the same way: C’est de ce film que je parle. (“It’s this film I’m talking about.”)
Emphasis with ce qui… c’est
- With ce qui… c’est, ce que and ce dont, the emphasised element comes last, after c’est.
- After c’est, a clause takes que: Ce qui m’inquiète, c’est qu’il ne répond pas. (“What worries me is that he isn’t answering.”)
- With ce dont, the verb’s de is repeated after c’est: Ce dont j’ai besoin, c’est d’un peu de calme. (“What I need is a little peace and quiet.”)
→ See also: Saying “what” and stressing a word: ce qui, ce que, ce dont; c’est… qui, c’est… que (B1)
Defining or adding a comment
- A relative clause without commas defines the noun: it says which person or thing is meant.
- A defining clause cannot be removed without changing the sense: Les étudiants qui ont réussi l’examen partiront en juillet. (“The students who passed the exam will leave in July.”) Only those who passed will leave.
- A relative clause between commas adds a comment about a noun already identified, and can be removed.
- Les étudiants, qui ont réussi l’examen, partiront en juillet. (“The students, who all passed the exam, will leave in July.”) All of them passed.
| Clause | Commas | Meaning | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| defining (déterminative) | none | which one | Le pull que tu m’as offert est trop petit. |
| adding (explicative) | before and after | a comment | Mon frère, qui vit à Nantes, est infirmier. |
| about a whole idea | after a comma | ce qui, ce que | Il a plu toute la journée, ce qui a gâché la fête. |
Relative pronouns and commas
- The relative pronouns are the same in both kinds of clause: qui, que, dont, où, lequel.
- After a comma, ce qui or ce que refers to a whole idea: Elle a eu son permis, ce que personne n’attendait. (“She passed her driving test, which nobody expected.”)
- After a proper noun or a possessive, the relative clause usually adds a comment.
- Le restaurant où nous avons dîné hier est fermé le dimanche.The restaurant where we had dinner yesterday is closed on Sundays.
- Ma voisine, qui a quatre-vingt-dix ans, fait encore son jardin.My neighbour, who is ninety, still does her garden.
- Bordeaux, où j’ai fait mes études, est une ville magnifique.Bordeaux, where I studied, is a magnificent city.
- Le train est arrivé à l’heure, ce qui est rare.The train arrived on time, which is rare.
Difference from English
- In an affirmative French command, le, la, les come before the person, unlike “give me it”: Montre-la-lui, Envoie-les-leur. En comes after the person: Parle-lui-en.
- A preposition can end an English clause (“the company I work for”, “it’s Paul I work with”). In French, the preposition comes first: l’entreprise pour laquelle je travaille, c’est avec Paul que.
- In a defining clause, English can leave out the pronoun: “the people we met”. French cannot: les gens que nous avons rencontrés.
Common mistakes
Donne-moi-le.→ Donne-le-moi.After the verb, the direct object pronoun comes first.Donne-moi-en.→ Donne-m’en.Before en, moi becomes m’.l’arbre à côté dont nous avons mangé→ l’arbre à côté duquel nous avons mangéAfter a phrase ending in de, duquel is used, not dont.C’est Paul que je travaille avec.→ C’est avec Paul que je travaille.The preposition is placed before the emphasised word.Le film j’ai vu hier était excellent.→ Le film que j’ai vu hier était excellent.The relative pronoun cannot be left out in French.Il a oublié mon anniversaire, qui m’a fait de la peine.→ Il a oublié mon anniversaire, ce qui m’a fait de la peine.A clause about the whole idea before it begins with ce qui (English “which”).
Remember
- After an affirmative command, put the direct object first: Prête-le-moi. (“Lend it to me.”)
- Before en, use m’ and t’: Donne-m’en. (“Give me some.”)
- After a phrase ending in de, use duquel, never dont: le parc près duquel j’habite (“the park I live near”).
- Put commas around a clause that only adds a comment: Mon frère, qui vit à Nantes, est infirmier. (“My brother, who lives in Nantes, is a nurse.”)
→ See also: Adding information about a noun: the relative pronouns qui, que, où (A2)
You now know how to place two pronouns after a command and use a relative pronoun after a preposition. You can also emphasise a word and set off a comment with commas.
In short
| Point | Rule | Example |
|---|---|---|
| two pronouns, affirmative order | direct first; moi, toi; m’en | Donne-le-moi. Donne-m’en. |
| two pronouns, negative order | before the verb, B1 order | Ne le leur dis pas. |
| compound relatives | auquel, duquel… after a phrase with à, de | à côté duquel, grâce auxquelles |
| parmi, entre | lesquels, lesquelles, people too | parmi lesquels |
| emphasis with a preposition | c’est + preposition + word + que | C’est avec elle que je pars. |
| defining / adding | no commas / commas | Mon père, qui a soixante ans, … |
Practise
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