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French grammar B2: upper intermediate

Pronouns, relatives and emphasis

Read in: Deutsch · Español · Italiano

Contents · B2
  1. The present: new verbs
  2. The compound tenses
  3. Telling a story: the past tenses and the passé simple
  4. The conditionnel passé and conditions about the past
  5. The subjunctive extended
  6. Participles and the agreement of the past participle
  7. The passive and other ways to leave out the doer
  8. Reported speech in the past
  9. Pronouns, relatives and emphasis
    1. Two pronouns, relative pronouns and emphasis: donne-le-moi, duquel, c’est à… que, commas
  10. Questions, indefinites and negation
  11. Linking words: cause, result, purpose, opposition, concession
  12. Comparison and manner
  13. Verbs whose preposition changes the meaning
  14. Register: familiar, standard and formal French
  15. The verb forms of B2 side by side

In this part, you will learn to place two pronouns after a command and relative pronouns after a preposition. You will also learn to emphasise a word and to tell two kinds of relative clause apart.

  1. Two pronouns, relative pronouns and emphasis: donne-le-moi, duquel, c’est à… que, commas

Two pronouns, relative pronouns and emphasis: donne-le-moi, duquel, c’est à… que, commas#

In an affirmative command, pronouns come after the verb; lequel is used after a preposition, c’est… que for emphasis, and commas for a comment.

  • Ce livre ? Prête-le-moi quand tu l’auras fini.That book? Lend it to me when you’ve finished it.
  • Il reste du gâteau ? Donne-m’en un morceau.Is there any cake left? Give me a piece.
  • Les résultats ? Ne les leur montre pas encore.The results? Don’t show them to them yet.
  • C’est un projet grâce auquel j’ai rencontré beaucoup de monde.It’s a project thanks to which I met a lot of people.
  • La place au milieu de laquelle se trouve la fontaine est très ancienne.The square in the middle of which the fountain stands is very old.
  • C’est à ma grand-mère que je pense en ce moment.It’s my grandmother I’m thinking of at the moment.
  • Ce dont il a peur, c’est de rester seul.What he is afraid of is being alone.

Two pronouns after a command

  • In an affirmative command, the pronouns come after the verb, joined by hyphens, and the direct object comes first: Rends-les-nous.
  • After the verb, me and te become moi and toi, but m’ and t’ before en: Donne-m’en, Va-t’en.
  • En comes last: Parle-lui-en, Offre-leur-en.

Two pronouns in a negative command

  • In a negative command, the pronouns come back before the verb: Ne la leur montre pas. (“Don’t show it to them.”)
  • Before the verb, me, te, nous, vous come before le, la, les: Ne me le prête pas. (“Don’t lend it to me.”)
  • Before the verb, le, la, les come before lui, leur, and en comes last.
OrderPronounsExample
affirmativeverb + direct + indirect; moi, toiPrête-le-moi. Dis-la-leur.
affirmative, with enverb + indirect + en; m’, t’Donne-m’en. Parle-lui-en.
negativene + the B1 order + verb + pasNe me le prête pas.

→ See also: Using two object pronouns together: the order me, le, lui, y, en (B1)

Relatives after a preposition

  • After a preposition, a thing is referred to by lequel, laquelle, lesquels or lesquelles, agreeing with the noun.
after à and a phrase ending in à: grâce à, face à, par rapport àafter a phrase ending in de: à côté de, près de, au cours de, au milieu de, autour de
formauquel, à laquelle, auxquels, auxquellesduquel, de laquelle, desquels, desquelles
exampleun projet grâce auquell’arbre à côté duquel, la place au milieu de laquelle
  • Dont is used after a verb with de (le film dont je parle), never after a phrase ending in de.
  • For a person, qui is usual after a preposition: l’ami grâce à qui.
  • After parmi and entre, lesquels and lesquelles are used for people too: mes collègues, parmi lesquels deux Anglais.

→ See also: After a preposition: the relative pronouns lequel, auquel, duquel (B1)

Emphasis with a preposition

  • To emphasise a word with its preposition, c’est… que is used: c’est + preposition + the word + que.
  • The preposition is never placed at the end: C’est à Paul que j’ai écrit. (“It’s Paul I wrote to.”)
  • For a person, a stressed pronoun is used after the preposition: C’est avec elle que je travaille. (“She’s the one I work with.”)
  • De is placed the same way: C’est de ce film que je parle. (“It’s this film I’m talking about.”)

Emphasis with ce qui… c’est

  • With ce qui… c’est, ce que and ce dont, the emphasised element comes last, after c’est.
  • After c’est, a clause takes que: Ce qui m’inquiète, c’est qu’il ne répond pas. (“What worries me is that he isn’t answering.”)
  • With ce dont, the verb’s de is repeated after c’est: Ce dont j’ai besoin, c’est d’un peu de calme. (“What I need is a little peace and quiet.”)

→ See also: Saying “what” and stressing a word: ce qui, ce que, ce dont; c’est… qui, c’est… que (B1)

Defining or adding a comment

  • A relative clause without commas defines the noun: it says which person or thing is meant.
  • A defining clause cannot be removed without changing the sense: Les étudiants qui ont réussi l’examen partiront en juillet. (“The students who passed the exam will leave in July.”) Only those who passed will leave.
  • A relative clause between commas adds a comment about a noun already identified, and can be removed.
  • Les étudiants, qui ont réussi l’examen, partiront en juillet. (“The students, who all passed the exam, will leave in July.”) All of them passed.
ClauseCommasMeaningExample
defining (déterminative)nonewhich oneLe pull que tu m’as offert est trop petit.
adding (explicative)before and aftera commentMon frère, qui vit à Nantes, est infirmier.
about a whole ideaafter a commace qui, ce queIl a plu toute la journée, ce qui a gâché la fête.

Relative pronouns and commas

  • The relative pronouns are the same in both kinds of clause: qui, que, dont, où, lequel.
  • After a comma, ce qui or ce que refers to a whole idea: Elle a eu son permis, ce que personne n’attendait. (“She passed her driving test, which nobody expected.”)
  • After a proper noun or a possessive, the relative clause usually adds a comment.
  • Le restaurant où nous avons dîné hier est fermé le dimanche.The restaurant where we had dinner yesterday is closed on Sundays.
  • Ma voisine, qui a quatre-vingt-dix ans, fait encore son jardin.My neighbour, who is ninety, still does her garden.
  • Bordeaux, où j’ai fait mes études, est une ville magnifique.Bordeaux, where I studied, is a magnificent city.
  • Le train est arrivé à l’heure, ce qui est rare.The train arrived on time, which is rare.

Difference from English

  • In an affirmative French command, le, la, les come before the person, unlike “give me it”: Montre-la-lui, Envoie-les-leur. En comes after the person: Parle-lui-en.
  • A preposition can end an English clause (“the company I work for”, “it’s Paul I work with”). In French, the preposition comes first: l’entreprise pour laquelle je travaille, c’est avec Paul que.
  • In a defining clause, English can leave out the pronoun: “the people we met”. French cannot: les gens que nous avons rencontrés.

Common mistakes

  • Donne-moi-le. → Donne-le-moi.After the verb, the direct object pronoun comes first.
  • Donne-moi-en. → Donne-m’en.Before en, moi becomes m’.
  • l’arbre à côté dont nous avons mangé → l’arbre à côté duquel nous avons mangéAfter a phrase ending in de, duquel is used, not dont.
  • C’est Paul que je travaille avec. → C’est avec Paul que je travaille.The preposition is placed before the emphasised word.
  • Le film j’ai vu hier était excellent. → Le film que j’ai vu hier était excellent.The relative pronoun cannot be left out in French.
  • Il a oublié mon anniversaire, qui m’a fait de la peine. → Il a oublié mon anniversaire, ce qui m’a fait de la peine.A clause about the whole idea before it begins with ce qui (English “which”).

Remember

  • After an affirmative command, put the direct object first: Prête-le-moi. (“Lend it to me.”)
  • Before en, use m’ and t’: Donne-m’en. (“Give me some.”)
  • After a phrase ending in de, use duquel, never dont: le parc près duquel j’habite (“the park I live near”).
  • Put commas around a clause that only adds a comment: Mon frère, qui vit à Nantes, est infirmier. (“My brother, who lives in Nantes, is a nurse.”)

→ See also: Adding information about a noun: the relative pronouns qui, que, où (A2)

You now know how to place two pronouns after a command and use a relative pronoun after a preposition. You can also emphasise a word and set off a comment with commas.

In short

PointRuleExample
two pronouns, affirmative orderdirect first; moi, toi; m’enDonne-le-moi. Donne-m’en.
two pronouns, negative orderbefore the verb, B1 orderNe le leur dis pas.
compound relativesauquel, duquel… after a phrase with à, deà côté duquel, grâce auxquelles
parmi, entrelesquels, lesquelles, people tooparmi lesquels
emphasis with a prepositionc’est + preposition + word + queC’est avec elle que je pars.
defining / addingno commas / commasMon père, qui a soixante ans, …