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Spanish grammar A1: beginner

Questions and negation

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Contents · A1
  1. Introducing yourself
  2. The present
  3. Ser and estar
  4. Nouns and articles
  5. Adjectives
  6. Possessives and demonstratives
  7. Numbers and the time
  8. Questions and negation
    1. Statements, questions and negative sentences
    2. Question words: qué, quién, dónde, cuánto…
    3. Also and not either: también, tampoco
  9. Gustar
  10. Linking sentences

A Spanish question is written between ¿ and ? and needs no auxiliary like English “do”: the words of the statement are kept, and the voice rises. A negative sentence takes a single word, no, placed before the verb, again with no “do”. Question words take a written accent and are followed by the verb.

Statements, questions and negative sentences#

Formation

A yes-no question uses the words of the statement, written between ¿ and ?: Eres de Lima → ¿Eres de Lima? In speech, the rising voice alone marks it as a question. A subject noun comes before the verb or after it: ¿Marta es médica? or ¿Es Marta médica? An exclamation is written the same way, between ¡ and !: ¡Qué bien!

Negation. A negative sentence is formed with the single word no, placed before the conjugated verb: No hablo alemán. With a reflexive verb, no comes before the pronoun: No me levanto temprano. A negative answer to a question contains no twice, once as the answer “no” and once before the verb: ¿Eres francés? — No, no soy francés. An affirmative answer begins with sí (“yes”), which takes a written accent: Sí, soy francés.

Hay. A sentence with hay is made into a question or a negative in the same way: ¿Hay un hotel aquí?; No hay pan.

  • ¿Vives en Madrid? — Sí, vivo en Madrid.Do you live in Madrid? — Yes, I live in Madrid.
  • ¿Es Pedro tu hermano?Is Pedro your brother?
  • Mi madre no come carne.My mother doesn't eat meat.
  • ¿Tienes hambre? — No, no tengo hambre.Are you hungry? — No, I'm not hungry.
  • ¡Qué bonito!How pretty!

Difference from English

English builds questions and negatives with “do”, “does” and “don't”; Spanish has no such word. “Do you live in Madrid?” is ¿Vives en Madrid?, the statement with a rising voice, and “My mother doesn't eat meat” is Mi madre no come carne: no alone, before the verb. A short answer in English repeats the auxiliary (“Yes, I do”, “No, I'm not”); in Spanish it is sí or no, usually followed by the verb: Sí, vivo en Madrid. The sign ¿ or ¡ is written at the start of the question or exclamation, even in the middle of a sentence: Hola, ¿qué tal?

Common mistakes

  • Eres de Lima? → ¿Eres de Lima?A question opens with ¿ as well as closing with ?.
  • Me no llamo Pedro. → No me llamo Pedro.With a reflexive verb, no comes before the pronoun.
  • ¿Eres de Lima? — Si, soy de Lima. → ¿Eres de Lima? — Sí, soy de Lima.“Yes” is written sí, with an accent; si means “if”.

Question words: qué, quién, dónde, cuánto…#

Formation

Question words take a written accent and come first in the question. The verb follows them directly, and a subject noun is placed after the verb: ¿Dónde vive Pedro? A preposition comes before the question word, never at the end of the question: ¿De dónde eres?, ¿Con quién vives?, ¿A qué hora llega el tren?

Question wordMeaningExample
quéwhat; which, what (before a noun)¿Qué comes? ¿Qué libro lees?
quiénwho¿Quién es esa mujer?
dóndewhere (the place where someone is)¿Dónde está la estación de tren?
adóndewhere to (the place someone goes)¿Adónde vas?
cómohow¿Cómo te llamas?
cuándowhen¿Cuándo llega el tren?
cuánto, cuánta, cuántos, cuántashow much, how many¿Cuántos años tienes?
por quéwhy¿Por qué aprendes chino?

Cuánto. Before a noun, cuánto agrees with it in gender and number, and the noun follows with no preposition: ¿Cuánto dinero?, ¿Cuánta leche?, ¿Cuántos hermanos?, ¿Cuántas personas? Used alone to ask a price, it stays masculine singular: ¿Cuánto es?

Quién. Quién asking about one person is followed by a verb in the singular: ¿Quién canta?

The written accent. Without an accent, que, donde, como and cuando do not ask a question: que is the relative pronoun or the word for “that” (“The relative que: la chica que lleva gafas”), and como means “like, as” or “I eat”. Por qué (“why”) is written as two words, with an accent; porque (“because”) as one word, without an accent (“Cause and purpose: porque, para + infinitive”).

  • ¿Qué estudia tu hermana?What does your sister study?
  • ¿Con quién vives?Who do you live with?
  • ¿Dónde trabaja tu padre?Where does your father work?
  • ¿Cuántas hermanas tienes?How many sisters do you have?
  • ¿Cuándo es tu cumpleaños?When is your birthday?
  • ¿Por qué no comes?Why aren't you eating?

Difference from English

The “do” of an English question has no equivalent: “What do you do?” is ¿Qué haces?, and “Where does your father work?” is ¿Dónde trabaja tu padre?, with the subject noun after the verb. English often puts the preposition at the end (“Who do you live with?”, “Where are you from?”); Spanish puts it before the question word: ¿Con quién vives?, ¿De dónde eres? English has “how much” and “how many”; Spanish has one word, cuánto, which agrees with the noun: “how many houses” is cuántas casas.

Common mistakes

  • ¿Donde vives? → ¿Dónde vives?A question word takes a written accent.
  • ¿Quién vives con? → ¿Con quién vives?The preposition comes before the question word.
  • ¿Cuántos personas? → ¿Cuántas personas?Cuánto agrees with the feminine plural noun personas.
  • ¿Dónde Pedro vive? → ¿Dónde vive Pedro?After a question word, the verb comes first and the subject noun after it.

Also and not either: también, tampoco#

Use

También (“also, too”) follows on from an affirmative statement; tampoco (“not either, neither”) follows on from a negative one. Both are placed before the verb or after it. Before the verb, tampoco is used without no; after the verb, no is placed before the verb: Pablo tampoco bebe vino or Pablo no bebe vino tampoco.

Short replies. To say the same as the other speaker, the reply is yo también after an affirmative statement and yo tampoco after a negative one. To say the opposite, the reply is yo no after an affirmative statement and yo sí after a negative one.

StatementSameOpposite
Hablo inglés.Yo también.Yo no.
No hablo inglés.Yo tampoco.Yo sí.
  • Mi hermano también estudia inglés.My brother is studying English too.
  • No tengo coche. — Yo tampoco.I don't have a car. — Neither do I.
  • Vivo en Madrid. — Yo también.I live in Madrid. — So do I.
  • No como carne. — Yo sí.I don't eat meat. — I do.

Difference from English

English replies repeat the auxiliary: “So do I”, “Neither do I”, “I do”, “I don't”. Spanish replies with the subject pronoun and one word: yo también (“me too, so do I”), yo tampoco (“me neither, neither do I”), yo sí (“I do”), yo no (“I don't”). “Not… either” is a single word, tampoco: “Pablo doesn't drink wine either” is Pablo tampoco bebe vino.

Common mistakes

  • No tengo hambre. — Yo también no. → No tengo hambre. — Yo tampoco.After a negative statement, “me neither” is yo tampoco.
  • Marta no tampoco canta. → Marta tampoco canta.Before the verb, tampoco is used without no.

In short

PointRuleExample
yes-no question¿…?, the same words as the statement, no “do”¿Eres de Lima?
negationno before the verb (or the pronoun)No hablo alemán. No me levanto temprano.
negative answerNo, no + verbNo, no soy francés.
question wordswritten accent; verb, then subject¿Dónde vive Pedro?
prepositionbefore the question word¿Con quién vives?
cuántoagrees with the noun¿Cuántas personas?
por qué / porquequestion / cause¿Por qué? — Porque…
también / tampocoafter an affirmative / a negative statementYo también. Yo tampoco.

Practise

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