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English “to be” is two verbs in Spanish: ser, to say what a person or thing is, and estar, to say where it is and how it is. “There is”, “there are” is hay, which introduces something not mentioned before. The choice between them is made by meaning, in every sentence, and is one of the first things an English speaker has to practise.
Ser and estar: the two Spanish verbs for be#
Formation
Ser and estar have forms of their own in the present. The forms of estar take a written accent, except estoy and estamos.
| ser | estar | |
|---|---|---|
| yo | soy | estoy |
| tú | eres | estás |
| él/ella | es | está |
| nosotros | somos | estamos |
| vosotros | sois | estáis |
| ellos/ellas | son | están |
Use
Ser expresses what a person or thing is: identity (Soy Elena), job and nationality (Es profesor, Somos franceses), origin (Son de Lima), a characteristic (Es alto), the day and the time (Hoy es lunes, Son las tres). Estar expresses where a person or thing is (Estoy en casa, ¿Dónde está el hotel?) and how it is: bien, mal (Estoy bien), or a state expressed by a participle (Estoy cansado).
| ser | estar |
|---|---|
| who you are: Soy Ana. | where you are: Estoy en Madrid. |
| job, nationality: Es médico. | how you are: Está bien. |
| origin: Soy de Lima. | a state: Está cansada. |
| a characteristic: Es alto. | |
| day, time: Es lunes. Son las dos. |
Age is said with neither ser nor estar, but with tener: Tengo veinte años.
- Mi madre es de Bilbao, pero está en Lima.My mother is from Bilbao, but she is in Lima.
- ¿Cómo estás? — Estoy muy bien, gracias.How are you? — Very well, thanks.
- Somos estudiantes y estamos en clase.We are students and we are in class.
- El museo es muy interesante.The museum is very interesting.
- Los niños están en el jardín.The children are in the garden.
Difference from English
One English verb, “to be”, has two Spanish equivalents, and the choice is made by meaning: what the person is (ser), or the place and the state the person is in (estar). The English sentence never helps: “she is a doctor”, “she is in Lima” and “she is tired” all use “is”, but Spanish says Es médica, Está en Lima, Está cansada. “How are you?” asks how the person is, so it takes estar: ¿Cómo estás?; ¿Cómo eres? asks what the person is like.
Common mistakes
Soy en casa.→ Estoy en casa.Where you are is said with estar.Está profesora.→ Es profesora.A job is said with ser.Soy veinte años.→ Tengo veinte años.Age is said with tener: “I have twenty years”.¿Cómo eres? — Bien, gracias.→ ¿Cómo estás? — Bien, gracias.To ask how a person is, estar is used.
Remember
Ser: who, what, where from. Estar: where, how you are.
Practise
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Hay or estar: hay un banco, el banco está aquí#
Formation
Hay (“there is”, “there are”) is invariable: it is used before a singular noun as before a plural one. It is followed by un, una, unos, unas, by a number, by mucho or poco, or by a noun without an article, in the plural or uncountable: Hay un banco, Hay dos bares, Hay mucha gente, Hay árboles, Hay leche. It is not used before the definite article. The question repeats hay (¿Hay un hotel aquí?), and the negative no comes before it: No hay leche.
Use
Hay introduces a thing or a person not mentioned before, to say whether it exists or how many there are. Está and están locate a known thing or person, referred to by a noun with el, la, los, las, by a possessive or by a proper name: Hay un museo en mi calle. El museo está en mi calle.
| hay: what exists | está, están: where a known thing is |
|---|---|
| Hay un parque cerca. | El parque está cerca. |
| Hay dos cafeterías. | Las cafeterías están en la calle Mayor. |
| Hay leche. | La leche está en la mesa. |
- En mi calle hay una cafetería.There is a café in my street.
- ¿Hay un supermercado cerca?Is there a supermarket near here?
- La estación está lejos.The station is far away.
- Mis llaves están en la mesa.My keys are on the table.
- En la clase hay veinte estudiantes.There are twenty students in the class.
Difference from English
English has two forms, “there is” and “there are”; Spanish has one, hay, for both: “there are two bars” is Hay dos bares. The choice between hay and estar depends on the article, much as in English: “there is a bank” is Hay un banco, but “the bank is here” is El banco está aquí, and hay is never followed by el, la, los, las. The question “Is there…?” is simply ¿Hay…?
Common mistakes
Hay el museo en mi calle.→ El museo está en mi calle.A known thing, with el, is located with estar.Está un banco en la calle.→ Hay un banco en la calle.A thing introduced with un takes hay.Están tres tiendas aquí.→ Hay tres tiendas aquí.“There are” is hay, never están.Hayn tres tiendas.→ Hay tres tiendas.Hay is invariable.
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Estar and the participle: estoy cansado, está cerrada#
Formation
The participle of verbs in -ar is formed by replacing -ar with -ado: cansar → cansado, cerrar → cerrado, sentar → sentado. That of verbs in -er and -ir ends in -ido: aburrir → aburrido. Abierto (“open”) is the irregular participle of abrir. Used as an adjective, the participle agrees in gender and number with the noun: cansado, cansada, cansados, cansadas.
Use
With estar, the participle expresses the state a person or thing is in: Estoy cansada, La tienda está cerrada, Los niños están sentados. Bien and mal, invariable adverbs, are used in the same way: Mi abuela está mal.
- Los viernes por la noche estoy cansado.On Friday evenings I'm tired.
- El banco está cerrado los domingos.The bank is closed on Sundays.
- ¿La tienda está abierta?Is the shop open?
- Las chicas están emocionadas.The girls are excited.
Difference from English
English says “I am tired”, “the door is closed”, with “to be”; Spanish uses estar, not ser, for a state: Estoy cansado, La puerta está cerrada. Some words change meaning with the verb: Estoy aburrido is “I am bored”, Soy aburrido “I am boring”. The participle agrees with the noun, which English never shows: cansado, cansada, cansados, cansadas. “We're good”, in answer to “How are you?”, is Estamos bien, with the adverb.
Common mistakes
Soy cansada.→ Estoy cansada.A state is said with estar.La tienda está cerrado.→ La tienda está cerrada.The participle agrees with the feminine noun tienda.Estamos buenos, gracias.→ Estamos bien, gracias.“To be fine” is estar bien, with the invariable adverb.
Practise
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Adverbs of place, time and manner: aquí, hoy, bien#
Formation
Adverbs are invariable. They are usually placed after the verb (Vivo aquí, Canta bien); adverbs of time are also placed at the start of the sentence: Hoy trabajo en casa.
Place. Aquí refers to the place where the speaker is, ahí to the place where the person spoken to is, allí to a place far from both; these three adverbs match the three demonstratives (“Demonstratives: este, ese, aquel; esto, eso, aquello”). English “there” is therefore ahí or allí. Cerca (“near”) and lejos (“far”) are used alone, after the verb: El hotel está cerca, Mi hermano vive lejos. The place where you are is introduced by en (Estoy en la playa), the place you go to by a (Voy a Sevilla).
Time. Hoy means “today”, mañana “tomorrow”, ahora “now”. Mañana alone means “tomorrow”; la mañana is “the morning”. The parts of the day are said with por: por la mañana (“in the morning”), por la tarde, por la noche. The days of the week are masculine and are written without a capital letter: el lunes, el martes, el miércoles, el jueves, el viernes, el sábado, el domingo. Before a day, the article el is used for one date (El viernes ceno con Pablo, “On Friday I'm having dinner with Pablo”), and los for a habit (Los viernes ceno con Pablo, “On Fridays…”); no preposition translates “on”. After ser, the day takes no article: Hoy es jueves.
Manner. Bien and mal describe a verb and do not agree: Lucía canta bien. The adjective bueno describes a noun and agrees with it: una sopa buena.
- Mi hermano vive lejos, pero mis padres viven aquí.My brother lives far away, but my parents live here.
- ¿Qué hay allí?What's over there?
- Hoy es jueves y mañana no trabajo.Today is Thursday, and tomorrow I'm not working.
- Mi hermana estudia por la tarde.My sister studies in the afternoon.
- Los martes voy a la piscina.On Tuesdays I go to the swimming pool.
- Ana cocina muy bien.Ana cooks very well.
Difference from English
English distinguishes two places, “here” and “there”; Spanish distinguishes three, aquí, ahí, allí. English “at”, “in” and “on” for a place where you are are all en: en la estación, en casa, en la mesa; a is used for the direction. “On Monday” is el lunes, with the article and no preposition, and the day takes no capital letter. “Well”, after a verb, is bien, never the adjective bueno: “she sings well” is Canta bien.
Common mistakes
Estoy a la estación.→ Estoy en la estación.The place where you are is introduced by en; a expresses direction.Trabajo en el lunes.→ Trabajo el lunes.“On” before a day is not translated: the article alone is used.Hoy es Lunes.→ Hoy es lunes.The days of the week take no capital letter.Canta bueno.→ Canta bien.The adverb bien describes a verb; the adjective bueno describes a noun.
In short
| Point | Rule | Example |
|---|---|---|
| ser | identity, job, origin, characteristic, day, time | Soy de Lima. Son las dos. |
| estar | place, bien / mal, state | Estoy en casa. Está cansada. |
| age | tener | Tengo veinte años. |
| hay | what exists; invariable; no definite article | Hay un banco. Hay dos bancos. |
| está, están | where a known thing is | El banco está aquí. |
| participle | -ado, -ido; agrees with the noun | cerrado, cerradas |
| place | aquí, ahí, allí; cerca, lejos; en (where you are) | Vivo cerca. Estoy en la playa. |
| time | hoy, mañana, ahora; por la mañana; el lunes | El lunes trabajo. |
| manner | bien, mal, invariable | Canta bien. |
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