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Finnish grammar A1: beginner

The past

Contents · A1
  1. Being and asking
  2. The local cases
  3. The present
  4. Having
  5. The partitive
  6. Word types
  7. Numbers and time
  8. Describing and the object
  9. Commands
  10. Postpositions and question words
  11. Spoken Finnish
  12. The past
    1. Saying where you were: olin, oli, ei ollut, minulla oli
    2. Saying what you did: menin, tulin, kävin, söin

Finnish has one simple past tense, the imperfect, used for an event that is over, often with a time word such as eilen (yesterday) or viime viikolla (last week). Its marker is -i-, placed before the personal endings of the present. At A1 the past of olla is learnt in full, and the past of a few common verbs as phrases.

Saying where you were: olin, oli, ei ollut, minulla oli#

Formation

The past of olla is formed on ol- with the marker -i- and the personal endings: olin, olit, oli, olimme, olitte, olivat. The third person singular has no ending: oli. The negative is the negative verb followed by ollut in the singular and olleet in the plural: en ollut, ei ollut; emme olleet, eivät olleet.

imperfekti
olla
minäolin
sinäolit
hänoli
meolimme
teolitte
heolivat
imperfekti, kielteinen
olla
minäen ollut
sinäet ollut
hänei ollut
meemme olleet
teette olleet
heeivät olleet

Use

The past of minulla on is minulla oli; its negative minulla ei ollut is followed by the partitive, as in the present. A question takes -ko: Olitko kotona? Oliko sinulla aikaa? The short answer is Olin. or En ollut., Oli. or Ei ollut.

  • Olin eilen töissä.I was at work yesterday.
  • Me olimme viime viikolla Oulussa.We were in Oulu last week.
  • Pekka ei ollut eilen koulussa.Pekka wasn't at school yesterday.
  • Olitko kotona eilen illalla? – Olin.Were you at home last night? – Yes, I was.
  • Minulla oli koira.I had a dog.

Difference from English

English was and were are two forms; Finnish olla has a form for each person. English I had is minulla oli, the past of the have-construction.

Common mistakes

  • Hän ei oli kotona. → Hän ei ollut kotona.After the negative verb, the past is ollut. Minä olin auto. (meaning “I had a car”) → Minulla oli auto. “Had” is the adessive with oli.

Saying what you did: menin, tulin, kävin, söin#

Formation

The past of a few common verbs is learnt as phrases. The marker -i- replaces the last vowel of the stem: menen → menin, meni; tulen → tulin, tuli. In syödä and juoda the first vowel of the stem is dropped: söin, söi; join, joi. Tehdä has the past tein, teki; käydä the past kävin, kävi.

Infinitiveminähän
mennämeninmeni
tullatulintuli
käydäkävinkävi
syödäsöinsöi
juodajoinjoi
tehdäteinteki

Use

Käydä in the past is a visit that is over, “went and came back”, with the place in -ssa or -lla: Kävin kaupassa. Mennä is followed by the illative: Menin kauppaan. The time word shows the tense: eilen with the past, nyt and huomenna with the present, since Finnish has no future tense.

  • Eilen kävin museossa.Yesterday I went to a museum.
  • Söimme illallista ravintolassa.We had dinner in a restaurant.
  • Isä tuli kotiin myöhään.Dad came home late.
  • Mitä teit viikonloppuna?What did you do at the weekend?

Difference from English

English went, came and ate are irregular; the Finnish past has one marker, -i-. English I went to the shop is kävin kaupassa when the visit is over.

Common mistakes

  • Eilen kävin kauppaan. → Eilen kävin kaupassa.Käydä takes the inessive.
  • Eilen menen kotiin. → Eilen menin kotiin.With eilen the verb is in the past.

In short

PointFormExample
past of ollaolin, olit, oli, olimme, olitte, olivatOlin kotona.
negativeen ollut; plural emme olleetPekka ei ollut koulussa.
hadminulla oliMinulla oli koira.
questionOlitko? Oliko?Olitko töissä? – Olin.
common verbsmenin, tulin, kävin, söin, join, teinKävin kaupassa.