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Italian grammar A2: elementary

Prepositions

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Contents · A2
  1. Reflexive verbs
  2. The present
  3. Prepositions
    1. Articulated prepositions: al, dello, nell', sugli
    2. Choosing the preposition: a, di, da, per
    3. Duration: da, per, fra, fa, entro
    4. Dates, months and seasons: il 3 maggio, d'estate
  4. Quantity
  5. Object pronouns
  6. The past
  7. The future
  8. Linking sentences
  9. Nouns and adjectives
  10. Spelling
  11. Possessives

Level A1 introduced the simple prepositions and their first combined forms. Level A2 gives the full table of articulated prepositions, refines the choice of preposition and adds the expression of duration and dates.

Articulated prepositions: al, dello, nell', sugli#

Formation

The prepositions a, di, da, in and su combine with the definite article that follows them. Di becomes de- and in becomes ne- before the article. The combined form is built on the form of the article: lo gives allo, dello, nello; l' gives all', dell', nell'; gli gives agli, degli, negli.

illol'laiglile
aalalloall'allaaiaglialle
dideldellodell'delladeideglidelle
dadaldallodall'dalladaidaglidalle
innelnellonell'nellaneineglinelle
susulsullosull'sullasuisuglisulle

Use

The preposition combines whenever the noun is preceded by the definite article. Some place nouns are used with no article after in: in giardino, in cucina, in ufficio; the article returns as soon as the noun is made more specific: nel giardino dei vicini. Da followed by a person or a job means “at (someone’s)” or “to (someone’s)”: dal medico (“at the doctor’s”), dalla nonna; before a first name there is no article: da Marco. Country names that take the article in the plural or that have a complement take the articulated preposition: negli Stati Uniti, nel Regno Unito. After the other prepositions, a country name is preceded by the article (dalla Spagna, della Francia); town names have no article (da Roma).

  • Ho dato il regalo agli ospiti.I gave the present to the guests.
  • Il nostro gatto dorme sul letto.Our cat sleeps on the bed.
  • Domani mattina porto il bambino dal dentista.Tomorrow morning I’m taking the child to the dentist’s.
  • Mio cugino lavora negli Stati Uniti.My cousin works in the United States.
  • Mia nonna arriva dalla Svizzera domani.My grandmother is arriving from Switzerland tomorrow.

Difference from English

In English, a preposition and “the” always stay two words: “in the”, “on the”, “to the”. In Italian, five prepositions combine with every article, and the combined form must be used: in il or su la is never written. “To the” has seven forms according to the article of the noun: ai ragazzi, agli amici, alle ragazze, and so on. English “at the dentist’s” or “at Marco’s” has a word for “at” and a possessive; Italian has a single preposition, da: dal dentista, da Marco.

Common mistakes

  • Vivo in gli Stati Uniti. → Vivo negli Stati Uniti.In and the article gli combine into negli.
  • Ho visto la casa dei amici di Paolo. → Ho visto la casa degli amici di Paolo.Before a vowel, the article gli gives the form degli.

→ See also: Choosing the preposition: a, di, da, per (A1)

Choosing the preposition: a, di, da, per#

Use

Beyond places and means of transport, each preposition has uses of its own that must be learnt.

A introduces the person to whom one gives, says or sends something: telefonare a, scrivere a, rispondere a, chiedere a, dare a, regalare a.

Di gives the material a thing is made of (una borsa di pelle, un anello d'oro); in is also correct for the material: una borsa in pelle. Di also introduces the subject one talks about: parlare di, un libro di storia, un corso di italiano.

Da means “at (someone’s)” before a person (da Marco, dal medico) and gives the purpose of an object: le scarpe da ginnastica (“trainers”).

Per gives the destination after partire: partire per Roma.

  • Stasera telefono a mia madre.I’m phoning my mother this evening.
  • Ho comprato una sciarpa di lana.I bought a wool scarf.
  • Di che cosa parlate?What are you talking about?
  • Domani parto per Napoli.I’m leaving for Naples tomorrow.
  • Ceniamo da Luca sabato?Shall we have dinner at Luca’s on Saturday?

Difference from English

English often puts one noun before another to give the material or the purpose: “a wool scarf”, “a history book”, “running shoes”. Italian places the second noun after the first, with a preposition: una sciarpa di lana, un libro di storia, le scarpe da ginnastica. English “phone”, “ask” and “answer” take a direct object (“I’m phoning my mother”); telefonare, chiedere and rispondere take a before the person: telefono a mia madre. A question ending with a preposition in English (“What are you talking about?”) begins with it in Italian: Di che cosa parlate?

Common mistakes

  • Parto a Milano domani. → Parto per Milano domani.After partire, the destination is introduced by per, as in English “leave for”.
  • Dopo il lavoro passo a Chiara. → Dopo il lavoro passo da Chiara.“At Chiara’s” is da, followed by the person.
  • Stasera telefono mia madre. → Stasera telefono a mia madre.Telefonare takes a before the person.

Duration: da, per, fra, fa, entro#

Use

Da followed by a period of time gives an action that began in the past and is still going on; the verb is in the present, where English uses the present perfect with “for” or “since”: Abito qui da due anni (“I have lived here for two years”). The matching question is Da quanto tempo…? (“How long have…?”). Per followed by a period of time gives a finished action, in the passato prossimo: Ho studiato il tedesco per due anni (“for two years”). Fra or tra followed by a period of time places a moment in the future, like “in”: Parto fra tre giorni. Fa, placed after the period of time, places a moment in the past, like “ago”: due giorni fa. Entro sets a limit, like “by” or “within”: entro venerdì. In followed by a period of time gives the time taken to do something: in tre giorni.

  • Mia moglie studia il tedesco da tre anni.My wife has been learning German for three years.
  • Da quanto tempo aspetti?How long have you been waiting?
  • Abbiamo vissuto in Francia per dieci anni.We lived in France for ten years.
  • Il treno arriva fra cinque minuti.The train arrives in five minutes.
  • Bisogna pagare l'affitto entro il cinque del mese.The rent must be paid by the fifth of the month.

Difference from English

English “for” has two equivalents. For an action still going on, English uses the present perfect (“I have worked here for three years”) and Italian the present with da: Lavoro qui da tre anni. For a finished action, both languages use a past tense, and “for” is per. English “in” before a period of time also has two equivalents: fra or tra for a moment in the future (fra tre giorni, “in three days’ time”), in for the time taken (in tre giorni, “within three days”). “During” is per before a period of time, and durante before an event: durante la cena.

Common mistakes

  • Lavoro in questo negozio per tre anni. → Lavoro in questo negozio da tre anni.An action still going on is expressed with da and the present, where English says “I have worked… for”.
  • Ci vediamo in due giorni. → Ci vediamo fra due giorni.A moment in the future is expressed with fra or tra.

Dates, months and seasons: il 3 maggio, d'estate#

Use

The year is preceded by nel: nel 2020. The date is given with the article and no preposition: il 3 maggio, l'8 marzo. The first day of the month is given with the ordinal: il primo maggio. The month takes a or in: a giugno, in giugno. The season takes in or di: in estate or d'estate, in inverno or d'inverno, in primavera, in autunno. Festivals take a: a Natale, a Pasqua. The beginning and end of a period are given with da… a…: da lunedì a sabato, or dal lunedì al sabato; with the time, the preposition combines with the article: dalle nove alle cinque, dall'una alle tre. Mezzogiorno and mezzanotte have no article: a mezzogiorno.

  • I miei nonni si sono sposati nel 1965.My grandparents got married in 1965.
  • La festa è il 12 luglio.The party is on 12 July.
  • Ad agosto andiamo al mare.In August we go to the seaside.
  • D'inverno fa molto freddo in montagna.In winter it’s very cold in the mountains.
  • La biblioteca è chiusa dalle due alle tre.The library is closed from two to three.

Difference from English

“In 2020” is nel 2020, with the article. “On 3 May” has no preposition in Italian: il 3 maggio. English uses an ordinal for every day of the month (“the second of May”); Italian uses it only for the first: il primo maggio, but il due maggio, il tre maggio. “From nine to five” takes the article in Italian: dalle nove alle cinque. Before agosto and aprile, a often becomes ad: ad agosto.

Common mistakes

  • In 2010 abitavo a Bari. → Nel 2010 abitavo a Bari.The year is preceded by the article: nel.
  • Lavoro da otto a quattro. → Lavoro dalle otto alle quattro.With the time, da and a combine with the article le.

In short

PointFormExample
articulated prepositionsa, di, da, in, su + articleagli, dello, nell', sui
specific placearticle after inin giardino, nel giardino dei vicini
at someone’sda + personda Marco, dal medico
person addressedatelefono ad Anna
material, subjectdidi lana, parlare di
destination of partireperpartire per Roma
have been… forda + presentAbito qui da due anni.
for (finished)per + passato prossimoHo lavorato lì per un anno.
in, ago, byfra / tra, fa, entrofra un'ora, un'ora fa, entro sabato
year, datenel ; article with no prepositionnel 2020, il 3 maggio
month, seasona / in ; in / dia maggio, d'estate
periodda… a…dalle nove alle cinque

Practise

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